Sains Malaysiana 53(2)(2024): 347-358

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5302-09

Advance Heteroatom Dopants Nitrogen, Boron, Sulphur, and Phosphorus on Carbon Dots towards Histamine Detection in Fish Sample

(Nitrogen Dopan Heteroatom, Boron, Sulfur dan Fosforus Termaju pada Titik Karbon ke arah Pengesanan Histamin dalam Sampel Ikan)

MOCHAMAD ZAKKI FAHMI^1,2,*, SITI FEBTRIA ASRINI SUGITO¹, NADIA AULIA HANIFAH¹, UMMI LATHIFAH NUR’AINI¹, BAMBANG PURWANTO³ & LEE HWEI VOON⁴

¹Department of Chemistry, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia

²Supramodification Nano-micro Engineering Research Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia

³Department of Physiology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia

⁴Nanotechnology Catalysis Research Centre, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Received: 7 August 2023/Accepted: 23 January 2024

Abstract

This study introduces heteroatom-doped carbon dots (CDs), namely boron-sulphur (BS-CDs) and nitrogen-phosphorus (NP-CDs), highlighting their potential as optical materials for sensitive histamine detection in sensor applications. Synthesized through facile pyrolysis of citric acid cores with non-metal dopants, resulting in confirmed graphene-like structures and uniform spheres with crystal diameters below 3 nm of BS-CDs and NP-CDs. The optical properties exhibited blue fluorescence, with emission wavelengths of 280 nm (QY 0.08%) and 420 nm (QY 1.72%) for BS-CDs and NP-CDs, respectively. Despite declined fluorescence intensities due to interfering components, both CDs demonstrated low selectivity for histamine, which increased the intensity in its presence. Notably, BS-CDs exhibited superior detectability of histamine at a low concentration of 26.3 ppm compared to 42.8 ppm for NP-CDs. Cytotoxicity studies indicated low toxicity for both CDs, positioning them as promising candidates for further development as histamine detectors

Keywords: Boron; carbon dots; co-dopants; histamine detector; nitrogen; phosphorus; sulphur

Abstrak

Kajian ini memperkenalkan titik karbon terdop heteroatom (CD), iaitu boron-sulfur (BS-CD) dan nitrogen-fosforus (NP-CD), menonjolkan potensinya sebagai bahan optik untuk pengesanan histamin sensitif dalam aplikasi sensor. Disintesis melalui pirolisis mudah teras asid sitrik dengan dopan bukan logam, menghasilkan struktur seperti grafin yang disahkan dan sfera seragam dengan diameter kristal di bawah 3 nm BS-CD dan NP-CD. Sifat optik mengeluarkan pendarfluor biru, dengan panjang gelombang pelepasan 280 nm (QY 0.08%) dan 420 nm (QY 1.72%) masing-masing untuk BS-CD dan NP-CD. Walaupun keamatan pendarfluor menurun disebabkan oleh komponen yang mengganggu, kedua-dua CD menunjukkan selektiviti rendah untuk histamin, yang meningkatkan keamatan dengan kehadirannya. Paling terutama, BS-CD menunjukkan pengesanan histamin yang unggul pada kepekatan rendah 26.3 ppm berbanding 42.8 ppm untuk NP-CD. Kajian sitotoksisiti menunjukkan ketoksikan yang rendah untuk kedua-dua CD, meletakkannya sebagai calon yang berpotensi untuk pembangunan selanjutnya sebagai pengesan histamin.

Kata kunci: Boron; Co-dopan; fosforus; nitrogen; pengesan histamin; sulfur; titik karbon

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*Corresponding author; email: m.zakki.fahmi@fst.unair.ac.id